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AstroChris  > Astrophotography > Galaxies and galaxy groups
everything here is at least 2.2 million light years away from us.....some are 2 billion light years away
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AstroChris > M51, The Whirlpool Galaxy 

This is the evocative and justifiably famous Whirlpool galaxy (also known as M51a or NGC 5194) and its companion galaxy M51b (also known as NGC 5195). First sketched as a spiral by Irish astronomer Lord Rosse using the 72" Leviathan of Parsonstown in 1845. The Leviathan was the largest telescope of its day, and he used it to resolve what others had just seen as a mysterious smudge of shimmering light. French astronomer Charles Messier, 72 years earlier, had named the glowing “blob” M51 while hunting for comets.

Messier’s blob took on a more intricate form with Lord Rosse’s powerful telescope. To the Irish astronomer’s surprise, the glowing blob had a striking pinwheel shape that no one had ever seen before. Lord Rosse simply called M51 a “spiral nebula,” not realizing that the glowing spiral-shaped object was a faraway galaxy. The interacting pair do battle about 23-million light-years from Earth, in the constellation Canes Venatici, or 10 times further than Andromeda M31.  
 
The Whirlpool galaxy is interacting gravitationally with M51b, and is called a ‘grand-design’ because it has well-defined spiral arms (like M101 and our Milky Way). Gravitational forces exerted on the Whirlpool galaxy by its companion are helping to drive M51a’s star formation. You can see the fruits of this interaction by looking at the bright blue star clusters (the largest concentrations being closest to M51b). Within these blue pockets are the youngest stars in the Whirlpool Galaxy. In contrast, the oldest stars can be found near the Whirlpool’s central bulge. 
 
There are a few foreground stars seen here, located within our own Milky Way. In contrast, in the background you can see several galaxies which are much further away than the Whirlpool. To catch them all, use the O setting in the Size menu after you've clicked on the image. This was the 3rd picture taken in a single night after about 3 months of nothing due to horror English cloud...the others taken that night are Abell 1656 and the Whale/Hockey Stick combination.

Orion Optics UK AG16 Astrograph: SBIG 11000 CM: Titan Mount
25 x 5 minutes minutes (2hr 5 minutes total) single shot colour, processed with CCDStack, Photoshop, Pixinsight. 

Data capture: between 2.15 and 4.30 am, 7th April 2013
AstroChris > Abell 1656, Coma Galaxy Cluster

OK, it's not the Hubble Deep Field I know, but it's about as close as I can get from my garden without a rocket. 

And it's definitely worth zooming in on this image. The Coma Cluster (Abell 1656) is a large cluster of galaxies that contains over 1,000 identified galaxies. So, everything in this picture that is not obviously a star is not frogspawn as some have said, but actually a galaxy that is so far away that its light has left on its journey, at 186,000 miles per second, well before the dinosaurs really got going on Earth. Along with the Leo Cluster (Abell 1367), it is one of the two major clusters comprising the Coma Supercluster. It is located in and takes its name from the constellation Coma Berenices.
 
The cluster's mean distance from Earth, and from my garden, is a frankly amazing 321 million light years. So it is nearly five times further away than Makarian's Chain, and 140 times further than the Andromeda Galaxy. Its ten brightest spiral galaxies have apparent magnitudes of 12–14 . The central region is dominated by two giant elliptical galaxies: NGC 4874 and NGC 4889. The cluster is within a few degrees of the north galactic pole on the sky. Most of the galaxies that inhabit the central portion of the Coma Cluster are ellipticals. Both dwarf and giant ellipticals are found in abundance in the Coma Cluster.

Orion Optics UK AG16 Astrograph: SBIG 11000 CM: Titan Mount
32 x 4 minutes minutes (2hr 8 minutes total) single shot colour, processed with CCDStack, Photoshop, Pixinsight. 

Data capture: around midnight, 6th April 2013
AstroChris > Abell 2218 Galaxy Cluster

This is a test of the AG16 light gathering capabilities (most frames taken under a 3/4 moon as well). If you look closely around and just to the left of centre is a faint reddish group of blobs that in fact is Abell 2218, a massive cluster of galaxies about 2 billion light-years away in the constellation Draco. Because the cluster is so massive and compact its gravity bends and focuses the light from galaxies far behind it, at more than 10 billion light years from earth. As a result, the Hubble space telescope can see multiple images of background galaxies, distorted into long faint arcs. This effect, called "gravitational lensing", was predicted by Einstein and allows astronomers to see galaxies at great distances. 

One particular galaxy was detected here with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on board the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. The extremely faint galaxy is so far away that its visible light has been stretched into infrared wavelengths, making the observations particularly difficult. The galaxy may have set a new record in being the most distant known galaxy in the Universe. Located an estimated 13 billion light-years away (z~7), the object is being viewed at a time only 750 million years after the big bang, when the Universe was barely 5 percent of its current age.

There are several other galaxies in the foreground, such as barred spiral UGCA413 just above right of the Abell 2218 cluster, and the nattily named bright blue 2NASXJ16334518+6618456 midway towards the bottom of the image

I'll do another stack with just the early morning frames to see if I can definitely see any of the lensing.

Orion Optics UK AG16 Astrograph: SBIG 11000 CM: Titan Mount
51 x 5 minutes minutes (4hr 5minutes total) single shot colour, processed with CCDStack, Photoshop, Pixinsight. 

Data capture: around midnight, 20th April 2013, waxing moon at 70%
AstroChris > Abell 2218 Galaxy Cluster (central crop)

Enlargement of the central part of the previous full frame to show the reddish galaxy cluster, 2 billion light years away, more clearly near the centre

Orion Optics UK AG16 Astrograph: SBIG 11000 CM: Titan Mount
51 x 5 minutes minutes (4hr 5minutes total) single shot colour, processed with CCDStack, Photoshop, Pixinsight. 

Data capture: around midnight, 20th April 2013, waxing moon at 70%
AstroChris > The Whale and Hockey Stick (NGC 4631 and NGC 4656)

NGC 4631 is a big beautiful spiral galaxy seen edge-on (lower right) only 25 million light-years away towards the small northern constellation Canes Venatici. This galaxy's slightly distorted wedge shape suggests to some a cosmic herring and to others the popular moniker of The Whale Galaxy. Either way, it is similar in size to our own Milky Way. The Whale's dark interstellar dust clouds, yellowish core, and young blue star clusters are relatively easy to spot. A companion galaxy, the small elliptical NGC 4627, appears above the Whale Galaxy. At the upper left is the "Hockey Stick", another distorted galaxy, NGC 4656. The distortions and mingling trails of gas detected at other wavelengths suggest that all three galaxies have had close encounters with each other in their past. The Whale Galaxy is also known to have spouted a halo of hot gas glowing in x-rays.

Orion Optics UK AG16 Astrograph: SBIG 11000 CM: Titan Mount
21 x 4 minutes minutes (1hr 24 minutes total) single shot colour, processed with CCDStack, Photoshop, Pixinsight. 

Data capture: 5th and 6th April 2013
AstroChris > M101 The Pinwheel Galaxy

Messier 101 is a face-on spiral galaxy distanced 21 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major. With a diameter of 170,000 light-years it is seventy percent larger than the Milky Way. It has a disk mass on the order of 100 billion solar masses, along with a small bulge of about 3 billion solar masses.
 
M101 can be seen to be asymmetrical on one side. It is thought that in the recent past (speaking in galactic terms) M101 underwent a near collision with another galaxy and the associated gravitational tidal forces caused the asymmetry. In addition, this encounter also amplified the density waves in the spiral arms of M101. The amplification of these waves leads to the compression of the interstellar hydrogen gas, which then triggers strong star formation activity.

Orion Optics UK AG16 Astrograph: SBIG 11000 CM: Titan Mount
22 x 4 minutes minutes (1hr 28 minutes total) single shot colour, processed with CCDStack, Photoshop, Pixinsight. 

Data capture: 2nd April 2013
AstroChris > M33 : the Triangulum Galaxy

The Triangulum Galaxy is a slanted face-on spiral galaxy approximately 2.8 million light years from Earth in the constellation Triangulum. It is catalogued as Messier 33 or NGC 598, and is sometimes informally referred to as the Pinwheel Galaxy, a nickname it shares with Messier 101. The Triangulum Galaxy is the third-largest member of the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way Galaxy, the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) and about 30 other smaller galaxies. It is one of the most distant permanent objects that can be viewed with the naked eye. Its diameter is about 50,000 light years, so less than half the size of the Milky Way or about a third as wide as M31. 
 
M33 contains many reddish HII regions of star formation. The brightest sources lie within the central region of the galaxy and along the spiral arms.The four brightest HII regions are designated NGC 588, NGC 592, NGC 595 and NGC 604.  The brightest of these regions, NGC 604, may have undergone a discrete outburst of star formation about three million years ago.

Orion Optics UK AG16 Astrograph: SBIG 11000 CM: Titan Mount
21 x 4 minutes minutes (only 1hr 24 minutes total) single shot colour, processed with CCDStack, Photoshop, Pixinsight. 

Data capture: 27th November 2011
AstroChris > M81 and M82 in Ursa Major

On the left, beautiful spiral galaxy M81 lies in the northern constellation Ursa Major. One of the brightest galaxies in planet Earth's sky, M81, Bode's Galaxy, is also home to the second brightest supernova seen in modern times. This view reveals M81's bright yellow nucleus, blue spiral arms, and sweeping cosmic dust lanes with a scale comparable to the Milky Way. Hinting at a disorderly past, a remarkable dust lane actually runs straight through the disk, below and right of the galactic center, contrary to M81's other prominent spiral features. The errant dust lane may be the lingering result of a close encounter between M81 and its smaller companion galaxy on the right, M82. Scrutiny of variable stars in M81 (aka NGC 3031) has yielded one of the best determined distances for an external galaxy -- 11.8 million light-years. 

On the right is the Cigar Galaxy M82, an irregular galaxy stirred up by a recent pass near the larger spiral galaxy M81. This doesn't fully explain the source of the red-glowing outwardly expanding gas you can see on both sides, however. Recent evidence indicates that this gas is being driven out by the combined emerging particle winds of many stars, together creating a galactic "superwind." These red filaments extend for over 10,000 light years. The 12-million light-year distant Cigar Galaxy is the brightest galaxy in the sky in infrared light.

Orion Optics UK AG16 Astrograph: SBIG 11000 CM: Titan Mount
12 x 5 minutes (only 60 minutes in total, need more data)

Data capture 23rd March 2012
AstroChris > Leo Triplet M66, M65, NGC 3628

This famous group is the Leo Triplet - a gathering of three magnificent galaxies in one field of view. Crowd pleasers when imaged with even modest telescopes, these galaxies are NGC 3628 (right), M66 (bottom left), and M65 (top left). All three are large spiral galaxies. They tend to look dissimilar because their galactic disks are tilted at different angles to our line of sight. NGC 3628 is seen edge-on, with obscuring dust lanes cutting across the plane of the galaxy, while the disks of M66 and M65 are both inclined enough to show off their spiral structure. Gravitational interactions between galaxies in the group have also left telltale signs, including the warped and inflated disk of NGC 3628 and the drawn out spiral arms of M66. This rather gorgeous view spans about one and a third degrees (over two full moons) on the sky, and if you look closely you can see several other much more distant galaxies too.. The field covers over 500 thousand light-years at the trio's estimated distance of 30 to 35 million light-years, about 15 times the distance of the Andromeda Galaxy. To put it another way, the light in this image has been travelling towards us at 186,000 miles per second for half the time since the dinosaurs became extinct.

My dad and I spotted these galaxies through his old 8" reflector about 10 years ago, without a goto mount or even a proper motor drive, so I have fond memories of these old puffs of light.

Orion Optics UK AG16 Astrograph: SBIG 11000 CM: Titan Mount
11 x 5 minutes (only 55 minutes total) single shot colour, processed with CCDStack, Photoshop, Pixinsight. 
(I used the colour data at full size to make an artificial luminance image, which gives more detail but reveals the Bayer matrix of the single shot colour camera if you zoom in too tight ! )

Data capture: 23rd March 2012
AstroChris > M106 and friends

Spiral galaxy M106 lies in Canes Venatici, the Hunting Dogs. It lies a measly 25 million light years from my garden. Its equatorial plane is tilted to our line of sight, rather like M31, the Andromeda Galaxy, which is 10 times closer, and has many similar features. M106's spiral arms end in bright blue knots of young clusters dominated by massive new stars. Just above in this image is galaxy NGC4248, and to the upper left is NGC4220. To the upper right is edge on spiral NGC4217, and if you look carefully there are many smaller and more distant galaxies in the picture too. 

Orion Optics UK AG16 Astrograph: SBIG 11000 CM: Titan Mount
22 x 5 minutes (1 hr 50 minutes total) single shot colour, processed with CCDStack, Photoshop, Pixinsight

Data capture 23rd and 24th March 2012
AstroChris > M31 Andromeda Galaxy
 
The Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy approximately 2.5 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Andromeda. Andromeda is the nearest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way, but not the closest galaxy overall. It gets its name from the area of the sky in which it appears, the Andromeda constellation, which was named after the mythological princess Andromeda. Andromeda is the largest galaxy of the Local Group, which consists of the Andromeda Galaxy, the Milky Way, the Triangulum Galaxy M33, and about 30 other smaller galaxies. Although the largest, Andromeda may not be the most massive, as recent findings suggest that the Milky Way contains more dark matter and may be the most massive in the grouping.The 2006 observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope revealed that M31 contains one trillion stars: at least twice the number of stars in our own galaxy, which is estimated to be c. 200–400 billion.

 A 2009 study estimated that the Milky Way and Andromeda are about equal in mass, while a 2006 study put the mass of the Milky Way at ~80% of the mass of Andromeda. The Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way are expected to collide in perhaps 4.5 billion years.

At lower right is the satellite balaxy M110, with about 10 billion suns
At centre left is satellite galaxy M32.
 
Orion Optics UK AG16 Astrograph: SBIG 11000 CM: Titan Mount
25 x 4 minutes

Data capture 23rd January 2012
AstroChris > Makarian's Chain of Galaxies

One of my favourites. Across the heart of the Virgo Cluster of Galaxies lies a long string of galaxies known as Markarian's Chain. The center of the Virgo Cluster is located about 70 million light years away toward the constellation of Virgo, so the light captured by this photo began its journey towrads us when dinosaurs were still roaming Earth. Makarian's Chain, part of which is in this picture, contains on the upper right with two large but featureless lenticular galaxies, M84 and M86. At least seven galaxies in the chain appear to move coherently, although others appear to be superposed by chance. 

The Chain's home Virgo Cluster is the nearest cluster of galaxies, contains over 2000 galaxies, despite its enormous difference from us, it has a noticeable gravitational pull on the galaxies of the Local Group of Galaxies including our Milky Way Galaxy. 

WO 132 FLT with TMB field flattener: SBIG 11000 CM: Titan Mount
20 x 6 minutes

Data capture 6th March 2011
AstroChris > Makarian's Chain of galaxies (in negative to show fainter members)

Pretty much everything in this photo that is not a point is a galaxy! Across the heart of the Virgo Cluster of Galaxies lies a striking string of galaxies known as Markarian's Chain. The chain, part of which is in my picture, is highlighted on the upper right with two large but featureless lenticular galaxies, M84 and M86. The home Virgo Cluster is the nearest cluster of galaxies, contains over 2000 galaxies, and has a noticeable gravitational pull on the galaxies of the Local Group of Galaxies surrounding our Milky Way Galaxy. The center of the Virgo Cluster is located about 70 million light years away toward the constellation of Virgo. At least seven galaxies in the chain appear to move coherently, although others appear to be superposed by chance. 

WO 132 FLT with TMB field flattener: SBIG 11000 CM: Titan Mount
20 x 6 minutes

Data capture 6th March 2011
M51, The Whirlpool Galaxy

This is the evocative and justifiably famous Whirlpool galaxy (also known as M51a or NGC 5194) and its companion galaxy M51b (also known as NGC 5195). First sketched as a spiral by Irish astronomer Lord Rosse using the 72" Leviathan of Parsonstown in 1845. The Leviathan was the largest telescope of its day, and he used it to resolve what others had just seen as a mysterious smudge of shimmering light. French astronomer Charles Messier, 72 years earlier, had named the glowing “blob” M51 while hunting for comets.

Messier’s blob took on a more intricate form with Lord Rosse’s powerful telescope. To the Irish astronomer’s surprise, the glowing blob had a striking pinwheel shape that no one had ever seen before. Lord Rosse simply called M51 a “spiral nebula,” not realizing that the glowing spiral-shaped object was a faraway galaxy. The interacting pair do battle about 23-million light-years from Earth, in the constellation Canes Venatici, or 10 times further than Andromeda M31.

The Whirlpool galaxy is interacting gravitationally with M51b, and is called a ‘grand-design’ because it has well-defined spiral arms (like M101 and our Milky Way). Gravitational forces exerted on the Whirlpool galaxy by its companion are helping to drive M51a’s star formation. You can see the fruits of this interaction by looking at the bright blue star clusters (the largest concentrations being closest to M51b). Within these blue pockets are the youngest stars in the Whirlpool Galaxy. In contrast, the oldest stars can be found near the Whirlpool’s central bulge.

There are a few foreground stars seen here, located within our own Milky Way. In contrast, in the background you can see several galaxies which are much further away than the Whirlpool. To catch them all, use the O setting in the Size menu after you've clicked on the image. This was the 3rd picture taken in a single night after about 3 months of nothing due to horror English cloud...the others taken that night are Abell 1656 and the Whale/Hockey Stick combination.

Orion Optics UK AG16 Astrograph: SBIG 11000 CM: Titan Mount
25 x 5 minutes minutes (2hr 5 minutes total) single shot colour, processed with CCDStack, Photoshop, Pixinsight.

Data capture: between 2.15 and 4.30 am, 7th April 2013
AstroChris > M51, The Whirlpool Galaxy 

This is the evocative and justifiably famous Whirlpool galaxy (also known as M51a or NGC 5194) and its companion galaxy M51b (also known as NGC 5195). First sketched as a spiral by Irish astronomer Lord Rosse using the 72" Leviathan of Parsonstown in 1845. The Leviathan was the largest telescope of its day, and he used it to resolve what others had just seen as a mysterious smudge of shimmering light. French astronomer Charles Messier, 72 years earlier, had named the glowing “blob” M51 while hunting for comets.

Messier’s blob took on a more intricate form with Lord Rosse’s powerful telescope. To the Irish astronomer’s surprise, the glowing blob had a striking pinwheel shape that no one had ever seen before. Lord Rosse simply called M51 a “spiral nebula,” not realizing that the glowing spiral-shaped object was a faraway galaxy. The interacting pair do battle about 23-million light-years from Earth, in the constellation Canes Venatici, or 10 times further than Andromeda M31.  
 
The Whirlpool galaxy is interacting gravitationally with M51b, and is called a ‘grand-design’ because it has well-defined spiral arms (like M101 and our Milky Way). Gravitational forces exerted on the Whirlpool galaxy by its companion are helping to drive M51a’s star formation. You can see the fruits of this interaction by looking at the bright blue star clusters (the largest concentrations being closest to M51b). Within these blue pockets are the youngest stars in the Whirlpool Galaxy. In contrast, the oldest stars can be found near the Whirlpool’s central bulge. 
 
There are a few foreground stars seen here, located within our own Milky Way. In contrast, in the background you can see several galaxies which are much further away than the Whirlpool. To catch them all, use the O setting in the Size menu after you've clicked on the image. This was the 3rd picture taken in a single night after about 3 months of nothing due to horror English cloud...the others taken that night are Abell 1656 and the Whale/Hockey Stick combination.

Orion Optics UK AG16 Astrograph: SBIG 11000 CM: Titan Mount
25 x 5 minutes minutes (2hr 5 minutes total) single shot colour, processed with CCDStack, Photoshop, Pixinsight. 

Data capture: between 2.15 and 4.30 am, 7th April 2013
M51, The Whirlpool Galaxy

This is the evocative and justifiably famous Whirlpool galaxy (also known as M51a or NGC 5194) and its companion galaxy M51b (also known as NGC 5195). First sketched as a spiral by Irish astronomer Lord Rosse using the 72" Leviathan of Parsonstown in 1845. The Leviathan was the largest telescope of its day, and he used it to resolve what others had just seen as a mysterious smudge of shimmering light. French astronomer Charles Messier, 72 years earlier, had named the glowing “blob” M51 while hunting for comets.

Messier’s blob took on a more intricate form with Lord Rosse’s powerful telescope. To the Irish astronomer’s surprise, the glowing blob had a striking pinwheel shape that no one had ever seen before. Lord Rosse simply called M51 a “spiral nebula,” not realizing that the glowing spiral-shaped object was a faraway galaxy. The interacting pair do battle about 23-million light-years from Earth, in the constellation Canes Venatici, or 10 times further than Andromeda M31.

The Whirlpool galaxy is interacting gravitationally with M51b, and is called a ‘grand-design’ because it has well-defined spiral arms (like M101 and our Milky Way). Gravitational forces exerted on the Whirlpool galaxy by its companion are helping to drive M51a’s star formation. You can see the fruits of this interaction by looking at the bright blue star clusters (the largest concentrations being closest to M51b). Within these blue pockets are the youngest stars in the Whirlpool Galaxy. In contrast, the oldest stars can be found near the Whirlpool’s central bulge.

There are a few foreground stars seen here, located within our own Milky Way. In contrast, in the background you can see several galaxies which are much further away than the Whirlpool. To catch them all, use the O setting in the Size menu after you've clicked on the image. This was the 3rd picture taken in a single night after about 3 months of nothing due to horror English cloud...the others taken that night are Abell 1656 and the Whale/Hockey Stick combination.

Orion Optics UK AG16 Astrograph: SBIG 11000 CM: Titan Mount
25 x 5 minutes minutes (2hr 5 minutes total) single shot colour, processed with CCDStack, Photoshop, Pixinsight.

Data capture: between 2.15 and 4.30 am, 7th April 2013
Other sizes: S • Medium • L |
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Keywords: whirlpool galaxy m51 w15
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